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Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences  ›  Department of History  ›  News  ›  2020  ›  Statement from the Department of History

Statement from the History Department

Statement from the Department of History

Black Lives Matter

 The History Department at Carnegie Mellon supports all those protesting racism and police brutality. This is a time for action. We must work together to dismantle White supremacy and to build a just and equitable world.

As historians, we know that racism is older than this country. Enslaved Africans were brought to North America long before Thomas Jefferson, himself a slave owner, declared that “all men are created equal.” At the founding of this country, the institution of slavery was written into the constitution. Racism survived the Civil War and emancipation. During the Jim Crow era, African American children could not attend the same public schools as White children, and so-called “colored” schools were systematically underfunded. African Americans were denied an education at many universities and colleges, including Carnegie Tech. Throughout most of the country, African Americans could not eat in “white” restaurants, stay in “white” hotels, swim in “white” public pools, or drink out of “white” water fountains. Our cities were also segregated, not just as a result of individual behaviour but also because of federal policy and local zoning. None of this was confined to the South. Systemic racism remains pervasive across America, including in Pittsburgh.

Black people have made immense contributions to this country’s prosperity and cultures. White people have continually discounted these contributions even as they have worked to plunder and hoard them. This includes both the ongoing, state-sanctioned expropriation of Black wealth and the systematic exclusion of Black people from publicly funded sources of social security, mobility, and mediation. Despite this oppression, Black people in the US have continued to innovate and to inspire thinkers, artists, and activists here and around the world. 

We also know that racialized policing has long been central to the perpetuation of White supremacy. During slavery, White people used torture, rape, and other forms of violence to terrorize Black people. In the aftermath of emancipation, White supremacists constructed a police and penal system to control Black bodies, a system that drew upon the legacy of slave patrols. That system varied between states, but throughout America police departments played a key role in protecting racial segregation and inequality. Today, police brutality remains a central part of the systemic racism that continues to divide this country and to perpetuate inequalities in wealth, income, and health. From the brutality of slavery to the violence of lynching to the murder of George Floyd, Black people have been assaulted, harassed, and killed not just as a result of individual decisions by racist people but as a result of systemic racism built into our economy, society, and criminal justice system.

We also know that racism and police brutality have long been directed at Indigenous peoples, Asian peoples, and Latinx peoples, and that the violence and discrimination of racism intersects with other forms of oppression, based on class, gender, sexuality, religion, and other forms of identity. 

We also know that African Americans have continually fought against racism from 1619 until today. People of African descent have joined people of all ethnicities, backgrounds, and identities in the many struggles for justice, equality, freedom, and rights that define our country’s history. These struggles transcend the boundaries of the United States. Voter suppression and other contemporary efforts to deny and limit the right to vote continue a long history in which Black people have been denied full citizenship rights. While fighting to gain full citizenship, African Americans have also looked beyond this country to forge solidarities within the African diaspora, with Africans, and with other people of color--and to claim their rights as human beings. 

As historians, we believe that understanding the past is vital to building a better future. Toward that end, we offer these resources on the history of white supremacy, systemic racism, racialized policing, and nonviolent civil disobedience. We believe that learning is a vital form of action, but also that our learning must be connected to other forms of active anti-racism, both within and beyond the university.

We welcome feedback on this statement and list of resources, as well as any thoughts you might have on what we should do as a history department, as historians, and as human beings to contribute to the larger struggle against racism and for justice. 

Contact: Nico Slate, Department Head, slate@cmu.edu

“The whole history of the progress of human liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her august claims have been born of earnest struggle. The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all-absorbing, and for the time being, putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing. If there is no struggle there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom and yet deprecate agitation are men who want crops without plowing up the ground; they want rain without thunder and lightning. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. This struggle may be a moral one, or it may be a physical one, and it may be both moral and physical, but it must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.”  -- Frederick Douglass




Contact the Department Head Directly

Nico Slate

Resources

Op-Eds and Editorials

  • Ben Smith and Byron Tau, “,” Politico, April 22, 2011.
  • Rebecca Traister, June 18, 2015, The New Republic.
  • David Remnick, June 19, 2015, New Yorker. 
  • Robert Greene II, June 19, 2015, com.
  • Libby Nelson, ,” June 20, 2015,
  • Michael Eric Dyson, June 20, 2015, New York Times.
  • Benjamin Foldy,  June 20, 2015, Juan Cole at Informed Comment. 
  • Ta-Nehisi Coates, ,” June 18, 2015, The Atlantic.
  • Douglas R. Egerton, June 18, 2015, New York Times.
  • Heather Cox Richardson, June 18, 2015, org
  • Charles P. Pierce, June 18, 2015,
  • Kidada Williams, ” June 19, 2015,
  • Manisha Sinha, ,” June 19, 2015, Huffington Post.
  • Nell Irvin Painter, June 20, 2015, New York Times.
  • Jelani Cobb, June 29, 2015, The New Yorker.
  • Amanda Taub, “,” Vox, March 1, 2016.
  • Ta-Nehisi Coates, "," March 5, 2015, The Atlantic.
  • Keisha N. Blain, “‘God Is Not Going to Put It in Your Lap.’” What Made Fannie Lou Hamer’s Message on Civil Rights so Radical–And So Enduring.” Oct. 4, 2019, Time.
  • Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “The End of Black Politics,” June 13, 2020, New York Times.
  • Tiffanie Drayton, “Why Black Lives Matter Protests Spread Across the World This Year,” June 23, 2020, Vox.

Readings on White Supremacy in the U.S. and Abroad

  • C. Van Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (Macmillan, 1938).
  • C. Van Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Oxford University Press, 1955).
  • Reg Austin, (Unesco Press, 1975)
  • George M. Frederickson, (Oxford University Press, 1981).
  • John Cell, (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
  • Alan Brinkley, (Knopf, 1982)
  • Thomas J. Noer, (University of Missouri Press, 1985)
  • David Theo Goldberg, (Blackwell, 1993)
  • Michel-Rolph Trouillot, (Beacon Press, 1995)
  • Dan T. Carter, (Simon & Schuster, 1995).
  • Jessie Daniels, (Routledge, 1997)
  • Stephen David Kantrowitz, (University of North Carolina Press, 2000)
  • Howard Winant,  (Basic Books, 2001)
  • Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, (Rowman and Littlefield, 2003)
  • Joe R. Feagin,  (Routledge, 2006)
  • Charles Postel, (Oxford University Press, 2007).
  • Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
  • Carl Nightingale, (2012)
  • Christopher S. Parker and Matt A. Barreto, (Princeton University Press, 2013).
  • Carol Anderson, (Bloomsbury, 2016).
  • Joseph Fronczak, “The Fascist Game: Transnational Political Transmission and the Genesis of the U.S. Modern Right,” Journal of American History 105, issue 3 (Dec. 2018): 563-588.
  • Elizabeth Gillespie McRae, Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy (Oxford University Press, 2020).

Special Issues

  • Paula Austin, et. al., Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 13-17
  • Reena N. Goldthree and Aimee Bahng, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 20-28
  • Danielle M. Wallace, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 29-39
  • Jesse Kohn, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 40-46
  • Donna Troka and Dorcas Adedoja, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 47-56
  • Brandon R. Byrd, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 57-64
  • Chad Williams, Kidada E. Williams, and Keisha N. Blain, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 65-69
  • Heater Cherie Moore, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 70-77
  • Prudence Cumberbatch and Nicole Trujillo-Pagan, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 78-86
  • Ileana Jiménez, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 87-96
  • Catherine Zipf, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 97-105
  • Erica Meiners and Charity Tolliver, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 106-114
  • Lora E. Vess, Radical Teacher 106 (Fall 2016): 115-122

Reading on Racial Violence

  • Frantz Fanon, (Francois Maspero editeur, 1961)
  • Nancy MacLean, (Oxford University Press, 1994)
  • Saidiya V. Hartman, (Oxford University Press, 1997)
  • David Grimsted, (Oxford University Press, 1998)
  • Sheila Smith McKoy, (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001)
  • Christopher Waldrep, (New York University Press, 2006)
  • Rebecca Nell Hill, (Duke University Press, 2008).
  • Crystal Feimster, (Harvard University Press, 2009)
  • Hannah Rosen, (University of North Carolina Press, 2009)
  • Amy Louise Wood, (University of North Carolina Press, 2009)
  • Danielle McGuire, (Alfred Knopf, 2010)
  • Kidada Williams, (New York University Press, 2012)
  • Michael J. Pfeifer, (University of Illinois Press, 2013)
  • Brenda E. Stevenson, (Oxford University Press, 2013)

Primary Sources

  • Absalom Jones, (1808)
  • David Walker, (1829)
  • Mary Prince, (1831)
  • Richard Allen, (1833)
  • Charles Ball, (1837)
  • Henry Highland Garnet, (1843)
  • Frederick Douglass, (1845)
  • Frederick Douglass, (1845)
  • Mark Smith, ed. 
  • (1930s)
  • Robert F. Williams, (Marzani & Munsell, 1962)
  • Martin Luther King, Jr., “” (1963)
  • Charles Morgan, (1963)
  • Malcolm X and Alex Haley, (1965)

Readings on Race and the World

  • L.R. James, (Vintage, 1989).
  • Edward Reynolds, (Ivan R. Dee, Inc., 1993).
  • Paul Gilroy. (Harvard University Press, 1993).
  • Nikhil Singh. Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Harvard University Press, 1994).
  • Eric Williams (North Carolina University Press, 1994).
  • Sidney Lemelle and Robin D.G. Kelley, eds. (New York: Verso, 1994).
  • Plummer, Brenda Gayle. (University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
  • Penny Von Eschen, (Cornell University Press, 1997)
  • Robin D.G. Kelley. Journal of American History, 86, no. 3. (Dec., 1999): 1045-1077.
  • Robin D.G. Kelley and Betsy Esch. Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society, 1 (Fall, 1999): 6-41.
  • Jennifer Smith, (Routledge, 1999)
  • Mary L. Dudziak, (Princeton University Press, 2000).
  • Timothy B. Tyson, , University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
  • Thomas Borstelmann, (Harvard University Press, 2001).
  • James H. Meriwether, (University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
  • Carol Anderson, (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
  • Jonathan Rosenberg, (Princeton University Press, 2006).
  • Gerald Horne, (New York University Press, 2007).
  • Fanon Che Wilkins, Journal of African American History, 92, no. 4 (Fall, 2007): 467-490.
  • Kevin K. Gaines (University of North Carolina Press, 2008).
  • Edda L. Fields-Black, Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora (Indiana University Press, 2008).
  • Kevin Gaines. Small Axe, 28, no. 28 (March, 2009): 193-202.
  • Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, eds. . Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Glenda Gilmore, (W.W. Norton & Company, 2009).
  • Clare Corbould, (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
  • Minkah Makalani, (University of North Carolina Press, 2011).
  • Andrew Zimmerman, (Princeton University Press, 2012).
  • Nico Slate, (Harvard University Press, 2012).
  • Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, (Cornell University Press, 2012).
  • Nico Slate, ed., (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
  • Gerald Horne, (New York University Press, 2013).
  • David Lucander, (University of Illinois Press, 2014).
  • Carol Anderson, (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
  • Sven Beckert. . New York: Vintage, 2015.
  • Joseph Fronczak, “Local People’s Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935, Diplomatic History 39, issue 2 (Apr. 2015): 245-274.
  • Gerald Horne, (New York University Press, 2016).
  • Adam Ewing, (Princeton University Press, 2016).

Readings on Mass Incarceration

  • Neil Smith, (Routledge, 1996)
  • Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “,” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society 13, no. 1, pp. 72–90.
  • Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Coloblindness (New Press, 2010).
  • Elizabeth Kai Hinton, (Harvard University Press, 2016).
  • Heather Ann Thompson, (Pantheon, 2016).
  • Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Harvard University Press, 2017).
  • Seth Kotch. Lethal State: A History of the Death Penalty in North Carolina (North Carolina Press, 2019).
  • Kelly Lytle Hernandez, City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771-1965 (North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Garrett Felber, The National of Islam, the Black Freedom Movement, and the Carceral State (North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Robert T. Chase, State Violence, Coerced Labor, and Prisoners’ Rights in Postwar America (North Carolina Press, 2020).

Readings on Housing

  • Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, Negro New York, 1890-1930 (Harper and Row, 1966).
  • Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (University of Chicago Press, 1983).
  • Joe William Trotter, Jr., ed., The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, and Gender (Indiana University Press, 1991).
  • Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton University Press, 2006).
  • Joe William Trotter, Jr. Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat (University of Illinois Press, 2006).
  • Wendy Z. Goldman and Joe William Trotter, Jr., eds.), The Ghetto in Global History, 1500 to the Present (Routledge, 2017).
  • Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (Liveright, 2018).
  • Jeffrey D. Gonda. Unjust Deeds: The Restrictive Covenant Cases and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement (University of North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership (North Carolina Press, 2020).

Readings on Policing

  • Donna Murch, Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California (North Carolina Press, 2010).
  • Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago (North Carolina Press, 2013).
  • Talitha L. LeFlouria, Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South (North Carolina Press 2016).
  • Max Felker-Kantor, Policing Los Angeles: Race, Resistance, and the Rise of the LAPD (North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Simon Balto, Occupied Territory: Policing Black Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power (North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Douglas J. Flowe, Uncontrollable Blackness: African American Men and Criminality to Jim Crow (North Carolina Press, 2020).
  • Tera Eva Agyepong, The Criminalization of Black Children: Race, Gender, and Delinquency in Chicago’s Juvenile Justice System, 1899-1945 (North Carolina Press, 2020).

Readings in LGBTQ+ Studies

  • John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United states, 1940-1970 (University of Chicago Press, 1998).
  • John D’Emilio, William B. Turner, Urvashi Vaid, eds., Creating Change: Sexuality, Public Policy, and Civil Rights (St. Martin’s Press, 2002).
  • John D’Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (University of Chicago Press, 2004).
  • Riley Snorton, Nobody is Supposed to Know: Back Sexuality on the Down Low (University of Minnesota Press, 2014).
  • Riley Snorton, Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity (University of Minnesota Press, 2017).
  • Dan Royles, The Make the Wounded While: The African American Struggle against HIV/AIDS (North Carolina Press, 2020).

Readings on Gender and Feminism

  • Jo Ann Gibson Robinson and David J. Garrow, (1987)
  • Bettye Collier-Thomas and V. P. Franklin, eds., (New York University Press, 2001)
  • Jennifer L. Morgan (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
  • Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (North Carolina Press, 2005).
  • Carole Boyce Davies, (Duke University Press, 2008).
  • Deborah Gray White, Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower (North Carolina Press, 2009).
  • Erik S. McDuffie,   (Duke University Press, 2011).
  • Gregg Andrews, (University of Missouri Press, 2011).
  • Tamar W. Carroll, Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism (North Carolina Press, 2015).
  • Sharon D. Kennedy-Nolle, Writing Reconstruction: Race, Gender, and Citizenship in the Postwar South (University of North Carolina, 2015).
  • Robyn C. Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Duke University Press, 2016).
  • Keisha N. Blain and Tiffany Gill, eds., To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism (University of Illinois Press, 2019).
  • Keisha N. Blain, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).
  • Ashley D. Farmer, Remaking Black Power: How Black Women Transformed an Era (North Carolina Press, 2019).
  • Catherine O. Jacquet, The Injustices of Rape: How Activists Responded to Sexual Violence, 1950-1980 (University of North Carolina Press, 2019).
  • Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, Second Edition: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, 2019).
  • Tiffany N. Florvil, Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German and the Making of a Transnational Movement (University of Illinois Press, 2020).

Readings on Race and Science, Technology, and Medicine

  • Michael Adas, Machines as the . Cornell University Press, 1990.
  • Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert, eds., . Princeton Architectural Press, 2018.
  • Ruha Benjamin, ed., . Duke University Press, 2019.
  •  Ruha Benjamin, . Stanford  University Press, 2013. 
  • Ruha Benjamin, . Polity, 2019.
  • Lundy Braun, . University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
  • Deirdre Cooper Owens, . University of Georgia Press, 2017. 
  • Joel Dinnerstein, . University of Massachusetts Press, 2003.
  • Virginia Eubanks, . Picador, 2018.
  • Rayvon Fouché, . The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
  • Robert Gumestad, History Compass 4 (2006): 373-383.
  • Evelynn M. Hammonds and Rebecca M. Herzig, eds., . MIT Press, 2009.
  • Daniel Headrick, Oxford University Press, 1981. 
  • James H. Jones, . The Free Press, 1981.
  • Charlton D. McIlwain, . Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Alondra Nelson,. University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
  • Alondra Nelson, , 2016.
  • Safiya Umoja Noble. . NYU Press, 2018.
  • Susan Reverby, ed., . UNC Press, 2000.
  • Dorothy Roberts, . Pantheon, 1997.
  • Dorothy Roberts,. The New Press, 2011.
  • Keith Wailoo, . UNC Press, 2001.
  • Keith Wailoo, . Oxford University Press, 2011.

Readings on the Civil Rights-Black Power Era

  • James Baldwin, (Dial Press, 1963)
  • James Cone, (Harper & Row, 1969)
  • Howell Raines, (G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1977)
  • Clayborne Carson, (Harvard University Press, 1981)
  • Aldon D. Morris, (Free Press, 1984)
  • David J. Garrow, (Harper Collins, 1986)
  • David J. Garrow, “,” Journal of American History, Vol. 74 (1987): 438-447.
  • Adam Fairclough, (University of Georgia Press, 1987)
  • Taylor Branch, (Simon & Schuster, 1988)
  • Clayborne Carson, et. al., eds., (Penguin Books, 1991)
  • William Van Deburg,  (University of Chicago Press, 1992)
  • David L. Chappell, (John Hopkins University Press, 1994)
  • John Dittmer, (University of Illinois, 1994)
  • Charles Payne, (University of California Press, 1995)
  • Gerald Horne,  (Da Cap Press, 1995)
  • Chana Kai Lee, (University of Illinois Press, 1999)
  • Komozi Woodard, University of North Carolina Press, 1999)
  • Bruce Nelson, (Princeton University Press, 2001)
  • Martha Biondi, (Harvard University Press, 2003)
  • Lance Hill,  (University of North Carolina Press, 2004)
  • Matthew Countryman, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005)
  • Clive Webb, (Oxford University Press, 2005)
  • Peniel E. Joseph, (Griffin, 2006)
  • Thomas Jackson, (University of Pennsylvania, 2007)
  • Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, (W.W. Norton & Company, 2008)
  • Thomas Sugrue, (Random House, 2008)
  • Hasan Jeffries, (New York University Press, 2009)
  • Akinyele Umoja, (New York University Press, 2013)
  • Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin, (University of California Press, 2013)
  • Rhonda Williams, (Routledge, 2015)
  • Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Haymarket, 2016).

Films

  • Spike Lee, (1989)
  • William Elwood, (1990)
  • Julie Dash, (1991)
  • Terrence Francis, (1992)
  • Haile Gerima,(1993)
  • Tony Kaye, American History X (1998) .
  • Toni Morrison, (1999)
  • Zora Neale Hurston, (2005)
  • Harry Moore, Michael Carter, et. al., (2007)
  • Bestor Cram et al., (2009)
  • Bennett Singer and Nancy D. Kates, Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin (2010).
  • Douglas Blackmon, (2012)
  • Kerry Taylor, ( (2013)
  • Ken Burns, The Central Park 5 (2013).
  • Ryan Coogler, (2013)
  • Dawn Porter, Rick Bowers, et al., (2014)

Music

  • (approx. 1865)
  • (Gustavus D. Pike, 1873)
  • (1927)
  • (1929)
  • (1931)
  • (1939)
  • (1952)
  • ” (1956)
  • (1958)
  • (1959)
  • (1960)
  • ” (1963)
  • ” (1964)
  • (1964)
  • (1964)
  • (1964)
  • ” (1970)
  • (1970)
  • ” (1971)
  • ” (1973)
  • ” (1984)
  • (1984)
  • ” (1997)
  • ” (1997)
  • (1997)
  • (1998)
  • (2004)
  • ” (2007)
  • (2007)
  • ” (2015)
  • ” (2015)
  • (2015)